Introduction xliii

Chapter 1 Technician Essentials and Computer/Device Anatomy 101 2

Foundation Topics 3

The Essential Parts of Any Computer or Mobile Device 3

Front and Rear Views of a Desktop PC 3

All Around a Laptop Computer 7

All-in-One Computers 9

Smartphones and Tablets 9

Quick Reference to PC and Mobile Components 10

Hardware, Software, and Firmware 12

Hardware 12

Software 12

Firmware 13

Why Hardware, Software, and Firmware Are Important to Understand 13

The CompTIA Six-Step Troubleshooting Theory 13

Technician Tools and Equipment 14

Basic Tools and Supplies for Assembly/Disassembly of Computers 14

System and Electrical Testing Tools 15

Network Installation and Configuration Tools 15

Printer Maintenance Tools 16

Software and Operating Systems 16

Spare Parts and Equipment to Test 16

Important Websites 17

Exam Preparation Tasks 18

Chapter 2 Configure and Use BIOS/UEFI Tools 26

Foundation Topics 27

BIOS/UEFI Configuration 27

Accessing the BIOS Setup Program 27

UEFI and Traditional BIOS 28

BIOS Settings Overview 29

Automatic Configuration of BIOS/CMOS Settings 31

Main Menu 32

Main/Standard Features/Settings 33

Discovering System Information 33

Boot Settings and Boot Sequence 34

Integrated Ports and Peripherals 35

SATA Configuration 35

USB Host Adapters and Charging Support 35

Audio and Ethernet Ports 36

Power Management 37

Monitoring 38

Processor and Memory Configuration 39

Virtualization Support 40

Security Features 41

Exiting BIOS and Saving/Discarding Changes 42

Flash Upgrade BIOS 43

Flash BIOS Update 44

Using BIOS/UEFI Diagnostics 46

Exam Preparation Tasks 47

Chapter 3 Motherboard Components 54

Foundation Topics 55

ATX, ITX, and Smaller Sizes 55

ATX and microATX 55

ITX Family 57

Comparing ATX, MicroATX, and Mini-ITX Motherboards 58

Expansion Slot Types 59

PCI Slots 59

PCI-X Slots 59

PCIe (PCI Express) Slots 60

RAM Sockets 63

CPU Sockets 64

Chipsets 64

CMOS Battery 65

Power Connectors 66

Fan Connectors 66

Front and Top Panel Connectors 67

Bus Speeds 69

Installing Motherboards 69

Step-by-Step Motherboard Removal 69

Preparing the Motherboard for Installation 72

Step-by-Step Motherboard Installation 72

Exam Preparation Tasks 74

Chapter 4 RAM Types and Features 82

Foundation Topics 83

Memory Upgrade Considerations 83

RAM Types 84

SRAM 84

SDRAM 84

DDR SDRAM 84

DDR2 SDRAM 84

DDR3 SDRAM 85

Parity vs Non-Parity 87

ECC vs non-ECC Memory 87

Buffered (Registered) vs Unbuffered 88

SO-DIMM vs DIMM 88

RAM Configurations 90

Single-Channel 90

Dual-Channel 90

Triple-Channel 90

Quad-Channel 91

Single-Sided vs Double-Sided 91

RAM Compatibility 91

Installing Memory 91

Preparations for Installing DIMM Memory 92

Exam Preparation Tasks 95

Chapter 5 PC Expansion Cards 102

Foundation Topics 103

Expansion Card and Slot Overview 103

Installing Sound Cards 103

Installing a USB Audio Device 104

Configuring a Sound Card with Windows 105

Configuring a Sound Card with OS X 105

Configuring a Sound Card with Linux 105

Installing Video Cards 105

BIOS Configuration 106

Removing Drivers for an Old Video Card or Onboard Video 107

Removing the Old Video Card 107

Video Card Physical Installation 109

Driver Installation 110

Installing Network Cards 110

Installing USB Cards 111

Installing FireWire Cards 112

Installing Thunderbolt Cards 113

Installing Storage Cards 114

Installing Modem Cards 114

Installing Wireless/Cellular Cards 115

Installing TV Tuner Cards 118

Installing Video Capture Cards 118

Installing Riser Cards 119

Speakers 119

Display Devices 121

Exam Preparation Tasks 123

Chapter 6 Storage Devices 130

Foundation Topics 131

Optical Drive Features and Capacities 131

CD-ROM / CD-RW 131

DVD Recordable and Rewriteable Standards 131

Blu-ray (BD) 132

Drive Speed Ratings 133

Recording Files to Optical Discs 133

Creating Optical Discs in Windows 133

Using Third-Party Optical Disc Mastering Programs for Windows 135

Using Third-Party Drag-and-Drop File Copying Programs 135

Burning Discs in OS X 136

Burning Discs in Linux 136

Magnetic Hard Disk Drives 137

Form Factors 137

Spin Rate 138

Internal Hard Disk Drive, SSD, and Optical Drive Installation 139

Installing an eSATA Hard Disk 142

Flash Drives 144

Flash Card Reader 146

Solid State Drives 148

SSD 148

Hybrid 150

eMMC 150

Hot-Swappable Drives 150

Safely Ejecting a Drive in Windows 150

Safely Ejecting a USB Drive in Mac OS X 151

Safely Ejecting a USB Drive in Linux 152

RAID Types 152

Creating an SATA RAID Array 153

Tape Drive 156

Tape Drive Capacities 156

Exam Preparation Tasks 157

Chapter 7 CPUs 164

Foundation Topics 165

Processor Characteristics 165

Speeds 165

Overclocking 166

Cores 167

Cache Size/Type 167

Hyper-Threading (HT Technology) 168

Virtualization Support 168

Architecture (32-bit vs. 64-bit) 168

Integrated GPU 169

Intel HD Graphics from Clarkdale to Ivy Bridge 169

Intel HD Graphics for Haswell Processors 169

Intel HD Graphics for Broadwell Processors 170

Intel HD Graphics for Skylake Processors 170

AMD APU Graphics 170

Execute Disable Bit (EDB) 171

Socket Types 171

Intel 172

Land Grid Array Sockets 172

Processor Code Names 173

LGA 775 174

LGA 1366 175

LGA 1156 176

LGA 1155 176

LGA 1150 177

LGA 2011 178

AMD 179

mPGA Sockets 179

Socket AM3 180

Socket AM3+ 181

Socket FM1 181

Socket FM2 182

Socket FM2+ 183

Cooling 183

Heat Sink 183

Fans 184

Phase-Change Material/Thermal Paste 184

Liquid-Based Cooling 186

Fanless/Passive Heat Sink 187

CPU Installation 187

Intel Processors 187

Intel Processor Removal 187

Intel Processor Installation 188

AMD Processors 190

AMD Processor Removal 190

AMD Processor Installation 191

Exam Preparation Tasks 193

Chapter 8 Ports and Interfaces 200

Foundation Topics 201

Rear Panel Port Clusters 201

USB 202

USB 1.1 and 2.0 204

USB 3.0 205

USB 3.1 206

USB Adapters 207

FireWire (IEEE 1394) 209

FireWire 400 210

FireWire 800 210

SATA and eSATA 211

SATA Configuration and Cabling 212

Thunderbolt 214

Video 215

VGA 216

DVI 216

DVI and Copy Protection 218

HDMI 218

DisplayPort 219

DisplayPort Versions 219

DisplayPort and Thunderbolt 219

RCA 220

S-Video (Mini-DIN 4) 220

Mini-DIN 6 220

Component 220

BNC Coaxial 221

Video Adapters and Converters 222

Thunderbolt to DVI 222

HDMI to VGA 222

DVI to HDMI 222

DVI-I to VGA 222

Audio 224

Analog 224

SPDIF (Digital) 225

PS/2 226

PS/2 Keyboard Port 226

PS/2 Mouse Port 226

PS/2 Combo Port 226

Exam Preparation Tasks 227

Chapter 9 Designing and Building Custom PC Configurations 236

Foundation Topics 237

Custom PC Configurations 237

Graphic / CAD / CAM Design Workstation 237

Audio/Video Editing Workstation 238

Virtualization Workstation 240

Gaming PC 240

Home Theater PC 242

Standard Thick Client 244

Thin Client 244

Home Server PC 245

Evaluating Onboard Components 246

General System Information 246

Processor Information and Hardware-Assisted Virtualization Readiness 247

Installing Power Supplies 248

Power Supply Ratings 248

Multivoltage Power Supplies 251

Power Supply Form Factors and Connectors 252

Removing and Replacing the Power Supply 256

Installing and Configuring Input, Output, and I/O Devices 259

Mouse 259

Pairing a Bluetooth Mouse (Windows) 260

Keyboard 261

Scanner 261

Barcode Reader 262

Biometric Devices 262

Game Pads and Joysticks 262

Digitizer 263

Motion Sensor 263

Touch Pads 264

Smart Card Readers 264

Digital Cameras 264

Installing a Digital Camera 264

Microphone 265

Installing and Configuring a Microphone 265

Webcam 266

Installing and Configuring a Webcam 266

Camcorder 267

Speakers 267

Touch Screen 268

KVM 268

Smart TV 269

Set-Top Box 269

Installing a MIDI-Enabled Device 270

Display Types 271

LCD Display Types 271

TN vs IPS 271

Fluorescent vs. LED Backlighting 271

Plasma 272

Data Projector 272

LCD Projectors 272

DLP Projectors 273

OLED 273

Video Display Settings and Features 273

Resolution 273

Refresh Rates and Frame Rates 276

Analog versus Digital Displays 277

Brightness/Lumens 277

Privacy and Antiglare Filters 277

Exam Preparation Tasks 278

Chapter 10 Using, Maintaining, and Installing Printers and Multifunction Devices 286

Foundation Topics 288

Laser Printers 288

Laser Components 288

Toner Cartridges 288

Laser Imaging Process 289

Step 1: Processing 290

Step 2: Charging 290

Step 3: Exposing 290

Step 4: Developing 290

Step 5: Transferring 290

Step 6: Fusing 291

Step 7: Cleaning 291

Color Laser Printing Differences 291

Laser Media Types 291

Laser Maintenance 292

Replacing Toner Cartridges 292

Installing Maintenance Kits 292

Resetting Paper Counts 292

Calibration 292

Cleaning 293

Inkjet Printers 293

Inkjet Components 294

Inkjet Printing Process 294

Inkjet Media Types 295

Inkjet Maintenance 296

Replacing Ink Cartridges 296

Calibration 297

Nozzle Check and Head Cleaning 297

Thermal Printers 298

Thermal Feed Assembly and Heating Element 298

Thermal Printer Ribbons 299

Thermal Print Process 299

Thermal Paper and Media 300

Thermal Maintenance 300

Cleaning Heating Elements 300

Removing Debris 301

Impact Printers 301

Impact Components and Print Process 301

Impact Dot-Matrix Print Heads 302

Impact Printer Ribbons 302

Impact Printer Paper Types 303

Impact Printer Maintenance 303

Replacing the Ribbon 303

Replacing the Print Head 303

Replacing Paper 304

Virtual Printers 304

Print to File 304

Print to PDF or XPS 305

Print to PDF or XPS in Windows 305

Print to PDF in OS X 305

Print to PDF in Linux 305

Print to Image 305

Print to Image for Windows 306

Print to Image for OS X 306

Ghostscript (Linux, OS X, and Windows) 306

Installing Your Printer or Multifunction Device 306

Printer/Multifunction Device Installation for Windows 306

Using Add Printer (Windows 7/8/8.1) 306

Installing a Printer with a Vendor-Supplied Driver 307

Printer/Multifunction Device Installation for OS X 307

Printer/Multifunction Device Installation for Linux 309

Printer/Multifunction Device Installation for iOS and Android 310

Configuring Your Printer or Multifunction Device 311

Configuring Printer Settings in Windows 311

Configuring Printer Settings in OS X 313

Configuring Printer Settings in Linux 314

Configuring Printer Settings in iOS and Android 315

Device Sharing Options 315

Integrated Ethernet Print/Multifunction Device Sharing 316

Adding Ethernet Print/Multifunction Device Sharing 316

Wireless Device Sharing Options 317

Bluetooth 317

802.11(a,b,g,n,ac) 317

Infrastructure vs. Ad Hoc 318

Ad-Hoc Wireless Network Support in Windows 318

Ad-Hoc Wireless Network Support in OS X 318

Ad Hoc Wireless Networking Support in Linux 318

Wireless Hosted Networking 318

Cloud and Remote Printing 319

Using Public and Shared Devices 319

Using Apps 319

Configuring Your Operating System to Share a Printer or Device 320

Windows Print Sharing 320

TCP/IP 320

Bonjour 320

AirPrint 321

Maintaining Data Privacy 321

Using User Authentication 321

Using Hard Drive Caching 321

Exam Preparation Tasks 322

Chapter 11 Networking 330

Foundation Topics 331

Network Cable and Connector Types and Characteristics 331

Fiber 331

Twisted-Pair 332

TP Cable Grades 332

Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) versus Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) 333

T568B (EIA-568B) and T568A (EIA-568A) Standards 333

RJ-45 Versus RJ-11 335

Coaxial 336

Legacy 10Mbps Ethernet Coaxial Cable Standards 336

RG-59 and RG-6 Coaxial Cable 337

Plenum and PVC 339

TCP/IP 339

IPv4 339

Class A, B, and C IP Address Ranges 340

Using Subnetting 341

Using CIDR 341

Public and Private IP Addresses 342

APIPA IP Addresses 342

IPv6 342

IPv6 Addressing 343

IPv6 Address Types 343

Viewing IP Address Information 344

Dynamic versus Static IP Addresses 345

Client-Side DHCP Settings 346

TCP/IP Alternate Configuration 347

Client-Side IP and DNS Addresses 347

Client-Side DNS Configuration 348

TCP/IP User-Configured Advanced Settings 349

Gateway 350

TCP and UDP Ports, Protocols, and Purposes 350

FTP 351

SSH 352

Telnet 352

SMTP 352

DNS 353

HTTP/HTTPS 353

POP3 353

IMAP 353

SMB/CIFS 354

AFP 354

Remote Desktop Protocol 354

SSL 354

TLS 354

HTML 354

DHCP 355

SNMP 355

LDAP 356

WiFi (Wi-Fi) Network and Encryption Standards 356

Wi-Fi Standards 356

Understanding MIMO 357

Wi-Fi Encryption Types 358

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) 358

WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) 358

WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) 358

WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) 358

Configure SOHO Wired or Wireless Router 359

Channels 359

NAT 360

Port Forwarding, Port Triggering, and DNAT 360

DMZ 361

DHCP 362

Basic QoS 363

UPnP 363

Firmware 363

Internet Connection Types 364

Cable 364

DSL 366

Dial-up 367

Modem Technologies and Types 368

Requirements for a Dial-Up Internet Connection 369

Creating a Dial-Up Connection 369

Fiber 370

Satellite 371

ISDN 371

ISDN Hardware 371

Setting Up an ISDN Connection 372

Line of Sight Wireless 372

Network Types 372

LAN 372

WAN 372

MAN 373

PAN 373

Network Architecture Devices 373

Hub 373

Switch 373

Router 374

Wireless Access Point 375

Bridge 375

Modem 375

Firewall 375

Patch Panel 375

Repeaters/Extenders 376

Power Over Ethernet 377

Using Networking Tools 378

Cutting Tool 378

Cable Stripper 378

Crimper 379

Punchdown Tool 379

Multimeter 379

Tone Generator and Probe 380

Cable Tester 380

Loopback Plug 380

Wi-Fi Analyzer 381

Exam Preparation Tasks 382

Chapter 12 Mobile Devices 394

Foundation Topics 395

Install and Configure Laptop Hardware and Components 395

ExpressCard 395

SODIMM Memory 396

Flash Memory 398

Ports and Adapters 398

Replace Laptop Components 400

Battery 403

Keyboard 404

Storage (HDD) and Optical Drives 405

Memory 407

Smart Card Reader 408

Wireless Card 409

Screen 411

DC Jack 412

Touchpad 414

Plastics/Frames 414

Speaker 415

System Board 416

CPU and Heat Sink 417

Laptop Display Components 420

LCD 420

Fluorescent versus LED Backlighting 420

IPS versus TN Panels 420

OLED 420

Wi-Fi Antenna Connector/Placement 420

Webcam 421

Microphone 421

Inverter 421

Digitizer 422

Using Laptop Features 422

Special Function Keys 422

Docking Station 424

Laptop and Cable Locks 425

Rotating/Removable Screens 426

Characteristics of Other Mobile Devices 427

Tablets 427

Smartphones 427

Wearable Technology Devices 427

Phablets 428

E-Readers 428

Smart Camera 428

GPS 428

Accessories and Ports Used by Other Mobile Devices 428

NFC 428

Proprietary Vendor-Specific Ports (Communication/Power) 429

Lightning for Apple iOS 429

MicroUSB/MiniUSB for Android, Windows 429

Bluetooth 429

IR 430

Hotspot/Tethering 430

Headsets 430

Speakers 430

Game Pads 430

Tablet/Smartphone Docking Stations 430

Extra Battery Packs/Battery Chargers 430

Protective Covers/Waterproofing 431

Credit Card Readers 431

Memory/MicroSD 431

Exam Preparation Tasks 432

Chapter 13 Hardware and Network Troubleshooting 442

Foundation Topics 443

Troubleshooting Motherboard, RAM, CPU, and Power Issues 443

Unexpected Shutdowns 443

System Lockups 443

POST Code Beeps 444

POST Error Messages 445

Blank Screen on Bootup 446

BIOS Time and Settings Resets 447

Attempts to Boot to Incorrect Device 448

Continuous Reboots 448

No Power 449

Power Supply Failure 449

Incorrect Front Panel Wiring Connections to the Motherboard 449

Loose or Missing Power Leads from Power Supply 449

Surge Suppressor or UPS Failure 449

Overheating 449

Overloading 449

Fan Failure 450

Inadequate Airflow Outside the System 450

Inadequate Airflow Inside the System 450

Dirt and Dust 452

Installing/Replacing Case Fans 453

Loud Noise 453

Intermittent Device Failure 453

Fans Spin-No Power to Other Devices 454

Indicator Lights 454

Smoke or Burning Smells 454

Step-by-Step Power Supply Troubleshooting 454

Distended Capacitors 455

Proprietary Crash Screens (BSOD/Pin wheel) 456

Recommended Tools 456

Multimeter 457

Power Supply Tester 460

Loopback Plugs 461

POST Card and POST Hex Codes 461

Troubleshooting Hard Drives and RAID Arrays 463

Read/Write Failure 463

Slow Performance 463

Loud Clicking Noise 465

Failure to Boot 465

Drive Not Recognized 465

OS Not Found 466

RAID Not Found 467

RAID Stops Working 467

Proprietary Crash Screens (BSOD/PinWheel) 467

S.M.A.R.T. Errors 467

When Should You Check SMART Attributes? 468

Recommended Hardware and Software Tools 468

Screwdriver 468

Drive Enclosures 468

Windows-Based Disk Tools 470

Recycle Bin 470

Defragmentation 471

CHKDSK (Error-Checking) 472

Using Hard Disk Diagnostics 473

Using Data Recovery Software 475

Troubleshooting Video, Projector, and Display Issues 475

VGA Mode 475

No Image on Screen 476

Laptop/Tablet/Convertible 2-1 476

Desktop Computer 476

Projector 476

Overheat Shutdown 476

Dead Pixels 477

Artifacts 477

Incorrect Color Patterns 477

Dim Image 478

Flickering Image 478

Distorted Image 478

Distorted Geometry 478

Burn-In 479

LCD Displays 479

Plasma Displays 480

Oversized Images and Icons 480

Network Troubleshooting 482

No Connectivity 482

APIPA/Link-Local Address 483

Limited Connectivity/Local Connectivity 483

Local Connectivity 483

Intermittent Connectivity 484

IP Conflict 484

Slow Transfer Speeds 484

Low RF Signal 484

SSID Not Found 485

Quick Reference to Network Hardware Tools 485

Overview of Network Command-Line Tools 485

PING 486

IPCONFIG 487

IFCONFIG 487

TRACERT 488

NETSTAT 489

NBTSTAT 489

NET 489

NETDOM 489

NSLOOKUP 490

Mobile Device Troubleshooting 490

No Display 490

Dim Display 491

Flickering Display 491

Sticking Keys 491

Intermittent Wireless 492

Battery Not Charging 492

Ghost Cursor/Pointer Drift 492

No Power 493

Num Lock Indicator Lights 493

No Wireless Connectivity 493

No Bluetooth Connectivity 494

Cannot Display to External Monitor 494

Touchscreen Non-Responsive 494

Apps Not Loading 495

Slow Performance 495

Unable to Decrypt Email 495

Extremely Short Battery Life 495

Overheating 495

Frozen System 496

No Sound from Speakers 496

GPS Not Functioning 496

Swollen Battery 496

Mobile Device Disassembly Process 496

Document and Label Cable and Screw Locations 496

Organize Parts 497

Refer to Manufacturer Resources 497

Use Appropriate Hand Tools 498

Printer Troubleshooting 499

Streaks 499

Laser Printer 499

Inkjet Printer 499

Thermal Printers 499

Impact Printers 500

Faded Prints 500

Laser Printers 500

Inkjet Printers 500

Thermal Printers 500

Impact Printers 500

Ghost Images 500

Toner Not Fused to the Paper 500

Creased Paper 500

Paper Not Feeding 501

Paper Jam 501

Paper Path Issues 501

Paper Loading, Paper Type, and Media Thickness Issues 501

Media Caught Inside the Printer 501

No Connectivity 502

Garbled Characters on Paper 502

Vertical Lines on Page 502

Backed-Up Print Queue 502

Releasing a Print Queue 503

Clearing Select Print Jobs or All Print Jobs in a Queue 503

Low-Memory Errors 503

Access Denied 504

Printer Will Not Print 504

Color Prints in Wrong Print Color 505

Unable to Install Printer 506

Error Codes 506

Printing Blank Pages 507

No Image on Printer Display 507

Using Printer Troubleshooting Tools 508

Exam Preparation Tasks 509

Chapter 14 Windows Operating Systems Features and Installation 522

Foundation Topics 523

Differences Between Windows Versions 523

Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows 8/8.1 Features Compared 523

Windows Desktop (Aero, Aero Glass, Sidebar, Gadgets, Start Screen, Start Menu) 525

Control Panel Views 527

Shadow Copy 528

Compatibility Mode 529

Starting Program Compatibility Wizard in Windows 8/8.1 529

Starting Program Compatibility Wizard in Windows 7 529

Using Program Compatibility Wizard in Windows 7/8/8.1 529

Program Compatibility Wizard in Windows Vista 530

Virtual XP Mode 531

Administrative Tools 532

Modern UI 532

Side-by-Side Apps 533

Pinning Programs to the Taskbar 534

OneDrive Cloud Storage 534

Windows Store 535

Multi-monitor Task Bars 536

Charms 536

Live Sign In 536

Action Center 536

File Structure and Paths 537

Libraries 538

32-Bit Versus 64-Bit File Structure and Paths 538

Windows Upgrade Paths 538

Boot Methods 541

Installation Types 541

Upgrade Installation 542

Clean Install 542

Multiboot Installation 543

Repair Installation 544

Unattended Installation 545

Remote Network Installation 546

Image Deployment 546

Partitioning Methods 547

Partitioning Overview 548

MBR Versus GPT Partition Types 548

Disk Preparation Using MBR 549

Partitioning Using GPT 549

Dynamic and Basic Disks 549

Creating Partitions During Windows Vista/7/8/8.1/10 Installation 550

Windows File Systems 551

FAT32 551

exFAT (FAT64) 552

NTFS 553

Converting a Drive's File System with CONVERT.EXT 554

Quick Formatting versus Full Formatting 554

Configuring Windows During/After Installation 555

Loading Alternative Drivers 555

Workgroup vs Domain Setup 555

Time/Date/Language/Region Settings 555

Installing Drivers, Software, Updates 555

Using Windows Update and Microsoft Update 555

Installing Service Packs Manually 557

Using the Factory Recovery Partition 559

Refresh and Reset (Windows 8/8.1/10) 559

Characteristics of a Properly Formatted Boot Drive 560

Exam Preparation Tasks 561

Chapter 15 Managing Microsoft Windows 570

Foundation Topics 571

Command-Line Tools 571

Commands Available with Standard Privileges vs. Administrative Privileges 572

Starting a Command Prompt Session with CMD.EXE 572

Using Wildcards to Specify a Range of Files 574

TASKKILL 574

BOOTREC 575

SHUTDOWN 575

TASKLIST 577

MKDIR, CHDIR, and RMDIR (MD, CD, and RD) 577

DEL 578

FORMAT 578

Using FORMAT with USB Flash and Removable-Media Drives 579

Formatting Drives with Windows Explorer and File Explorer 579

Using FORMAT from the Command Prompt 579

COPY 580

XCOPY 580

ROBOCOPY 581

Diskpart 582

SFC 583

CHKDSK 583

GPUPDATE 584

GPRESULT 584

DIR 584

EXIT 585

HELP 585

EXPAND 585

Command /? 585

Microsoft Administrative Tools 585

Computer Management (MMC) 586

Using Device Manager 587

Performance Monitor 591

Services (Services.msc) 592

Task Scheduler 593

Create a Task in Windows 593

Print Management 595

Component Services 595

Data Sources (ODBC) 595

Local Security Policy

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