Contents:
Introduction Robert Cryer and Christian Henderson
PART I THE GENERAL PROHIBITION OF FORCIBLE INTERVENTION
1. Joachim von Elbe (1939), ‘The Evolution of the Concept of the
Just War in International Law’, American Journal of International
Law, 33 (4), October, 665–88
2. Sir John Fischer Williams (1933), ‘The Covenant of the League of
Nations and War’, Cambridge Law Journal, V (1), March, 1–21
3. J.L. Brierly (1929), ‘Some Implications of the Pact of Paris’,
British Year Book of International Law, 10, 208–10
4. Vaughan Lowe (1994), ‘The Principle of Non-Intervention: Use of
Force’, in Colin Warbrick and Vaughan Lowe (eds), The United
Nations and the Principles of International Law: Essays in Memory
of Michael Akehurst, Chapter 4, London, UK and New York, NY, USA:
Routledge, 66–84
5. Thomas M. Franck (1970), ‘Who Killed Article 2(4)? Or: Changing
Norms Governing the Use of Force by States’, American Journal of
International Law, 64 (5), October, 809–37
6. Louis Henkin (1971), ‘The Reports of the Death of Article 2(4)
Are Greatly Exaggerated’, American Journal of International Law, 65
(3), July, 544–48
7. James A. Green (2011), ‘Questioning the Peremptory Status of the
Prohibition of the Use of Force’, Michigan Journal of International
Law, 32 (2), Winter, 215–57
8. Agatha Verdebout (2014), 'The Contemporary Discourse on the Use
of Force in the Nineteenth Century: A Diachronic and Critical
Analysis', Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, 1
(2), 223–46
9. Marco Roscini (2007), ‘Threats of Armed Force and Contemporary
International Law’, Netherlands International Law Review, LIV (2),
August, 229–77
PART II READINGS OF THE GENERAL PROHIBITION OF FORCIBLE
INTERVENTION
10. W. Michael Reisman (1984), ‘Coercion and Self-Determination:
Construing Charter Article 2(4)’, American Journal of International
Law, 78 (3), July, 642–45
11. Oscar Schachter (1984), ‘The Legality of Pro-Democratic
Invasion’, American Journal of International Law, 78 (3), July,
645–50
12. Louise Doswald-Beck (1985), ‘The Legal Validity of Military
Intervention by Invitation of the Government’, British Year Book of
International Law, LVI (1), 189–252
13. Christopher J. Le Mon (2003), ‘Unilateral Intervention by
Invitation in Civil Wars: The Effective Control Test Tested’, New
York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 35 (3),
Spring, 741–93
14. John A. Perkins (1987), ‘The Right of Counterintervention’,
Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 17 (2),
171–227
15. Christian Henderson (2013), ‘The Provision of Arms and
“Non-Lethal” Assistance to Governmental and Opposition Forces’,
University of New South Wales Law Journal, 36 (2), 642–81
16. Derek Bowett (1972), ‘Reprisals Involving Recourse to Armed
Force’, American Journal of International Law, 66 (1), January,
1–36
17. Tom Ruys (2008), ‘The “Protection of Nationals” Doctrine
Revisited’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 13 (2),
233–71
18. Thomas M. Franck and Nigel S. Rodley (1973), ‘After Bangladesh:
The Law of Humanitarian Intervention by Military Force’, American
Journal of International Law, 67 (2), April, 275–305
19. Bruno Simma (1999), ‘NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal
Aspects’, European Journal of International Law, 10 (1), 1–22
20. Antonio Cassese (1999), ‘Ex iniuria ius oritur: Are We Moving
towards International Legitimation of Forcible Humanitarian
Countermeasures in the World Community?’, European Journal of
International Law, 10 (1), 23–30
21. Christine Gray (2013), ‘The Use of Force for Humanitarian
Purposes’, in Nigel D. White and Christian Henderson (eds),
Research Handbook on International Conflict and Security Law: Jus
ad Bellum, Jus in Bello and Jus post Bellum, Chapter 7, Cheltenham,
UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 229–55
22. Christine Gray (2013), ‘The International Court of Justice and
the Use of Force’, in Christian J. Tams and James Sloan (eds), The
Development of International Law by the International Court of
Justice, Chapter 11, New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press,
237–61
Volume II
Introduction An introduction by the editors appears in Volume I
PART I FORCIBLE MEASURES UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE UNITED
NATIONS
1. Oscar Schachter (1991), ‘United Nations Law in the Gulf
Conflict’, American Journal of International Law, 85 (3), July,
452–73
2. Ruth Gordon (1994), ‘United Nations Intervention in Internal
Conflicts: Iraq, Somalia, and Beyond’, Michigan Journal of
International Law, 15 (2), Winter, 519–89
3. Yasushi Akashi (1995), ‘The Use of Force in a United Nations
Peace-Keeping Operation: Lessons Learnt from the Safe Areas
Mandate’, Fordham International Law Journal, 19 (2), 312–23
4. Ugo Villani (2002), ‘The Security Council’s Authorization of
Enforcement Action by Regional Organizations’, Max Planck Yearbook
of United Nations Law, 6, 535–57
5. Jules Lobel and Michael Ratner (1999), ‘Bypassing the Security
Council: Ambiguous Authorizations to Use Force, Cease-Fires, and
the Iraqi Inspection Regime’, American Journal of International
Law, 93 (1), January, 124–54
6. Niels Blokker (2000), ‘Is the Authorization Authorized? Powers
and Practice of the UN Security Council to Authorize the Use of
Force by “Coalitions of the Able and Willing”’, European Journal of
International Law, 11 (3), 541–68
7. Dino Kritsiotis (2004), ‘Arguments of Mass Confusion’, European
Journal of International Law, 15 (2), 233–78
8. Sean D. Murphy (2004), ‘Assessing the Legality of Invading
Iraq’, Georgetown Law Journal, 92 (4), 173–257
9. Nigel D. White (2004), ‘The Will and Authority of the Security
Council after Iraq’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 17 (4),
December, 645–72
10. Andrew J. Carswell (2013), ‘Unblocking the UN Security Council:
The Uniting for Peace Resolution’, Journal of Conflict and Security
Law, 18 (3), Winter, 453–80
PART II: FORCIBLE MEASURES IN UNILATERAL AND COLLECTIVE
SELF-DEFENCE
11. Ian Brownlie (1961), ‘The Use of Force in Self-Defence’,
British Year Book of International Law, 27, 183–268
12. D.W Bowett (1955–56), ‘Collective Self-Defence under the
Charter of the United Nations’, British Year Book of International
Law, 32, 130–61 [32]
13. D.W. Greig (1991), ‘Self-Defence and the Security Council: What
Does Article 51 Require?’, International and Comparative Law
Quarterly, 40 (2), April, 366–402
14. Michael Byers (2002), ‘Terrorism, The Use of Force and
International Law after 11 September’, International and
Comparative Law Quarterly, 51 (2), April, 401–14
15. Elizabeth Wilmshurst (2006), ‘The Chatham House Principles of
International Law on the Use of Force in Self-Defence’,
International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 55 (4), October,
963–72
16. Kimberley N. Trapp (2007), ‘Back to Basics: Necessity,
Proportionality, and the Right of Self-Defence against Non-State
Terrorist Actors’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 56
(1), January, 141–56
17. Christian J. Tams (2009), ‘The Use of Force against
Terrorists’, European Journal of International Law, 20 (2),
359–97
18. Theresa Reinold (2011), ‘State Weakness, Irregular Warfare, and
the Right to Self-Defense Post-9/11’, American Journal of
International Law, 105 (2), April, 244–286
19. Michael Bothe (2003), ‘Terrorism and the Legality of
Pre-emptive Force’, European Journal of International Law, 14 (2),
227–40
20. Christopher Greenwood (2003), ‘International Law and the
Pre-emptive Use of Force: Afghanistan, Al-Qaida, and Iraq’, San
Diego International Law Journal, 4, May, 7–37
21. Daniel Bethlehem (2012), ‘Self-Defense against an Imminent or
Actual Armed Attack by Nonstate Actors’, American Journal of
International Law, 106 (4), October, 770–77
22. Michael N. Schmitt (1999), ‘Computer Network Attack and the Use
of Force in International Law: Thoughts on a Normative Framework’,
Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 37 (3), 885–937
Volume III
Introduction An introduction by the editors appears in Volume I
PART I NATURE AND INFLUENCES
1. Theodor Meron (2000), ‘The Humanization of Humanitarian Law’,
American Journal of International Law, 94 (2), April, 239–78
2. Chris af Jochnick and Roger Normand (1994), ‘The Legitimation of
Violence: A Critical History of the Laws of War’, Harvard
International Law Journal, 35 (1), Winter, 49–95
3. John B. Bellinger III and Vijay M. Padmanabhan (2011),
‘Detention Operations in Contemporary Conflicts: Four Challenges
for the Geneva Conventions and Other Existing Law’, American
Journal of International Law, 105 (2), April, 201–43
4. Frédéric Mégret (2006), ‘From “Savages” to “Unlawful
Combatants”: A Postcolonial Look at International Humanitarian
Law's “Other”’, in Anne Orford (ed.), International Law and its
Others, Chapter 11, New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press,
265–317
PART II APPLICABILITY AND RELATIONSHIPS
5. Christopher Greenwood (1987), ‘The Concept of War in Modern
International Law’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 36
(2), April, 283–306
6. Christopher Greenwood (1983), ‘The Relationship between Ius ad
bellum and Ius in Bello’, Review of International Studies, 9 (4),
October, 221–34
7. Alexander Orakhelashvili (2007), ‘Overlap and Convergence: The
Interaction between Jus ad Bellum and Jus in
Bello’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 12 (2), Spring,
157–96
8. Heike Krieger (2006), ‘A Conflict of Norms: The Relationship
between Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law in the ICRC Customary
Study’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 11 (2), Summer,
265–91
9. Dapo Akande (2012), ‘Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant
Legal Concepts’, in Elizabeth Wilmshurst (ed.), International Law
and the Classification of Conflicts, Chapter 3, Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press, 32–79
10. James G. Stewart (2003), ‘Towards a Single Definition of Armed
Conflict in International Humanitarian Law: A Critique of
Internationalized Armed Conflict’, International Review of the Red
Cross, 85 (850), June, 313–49
11. Sandesh Sivakumaran (2006), ‘Binding Armed Opposition Groups’,
International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 55 (2), April,
369–94
12. Nicolas Lamp (2011), ‘Conceptions of War and Paradigms of
Compliance: The “New War” Challenge to International Humanitarian
Law’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 16 (2), July,
225–62
13. Hans-Peter Gasser, (2002) ‘Acts of Terror, “Terrorism” and
International Humanitarian Law’, International Review of the Red
Cross, 84 (847), September, 547–70
14. Michael Schmitt (2012), ‘Classification of Cyber Conflict’,
Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 17 (2), Summer, 245–60
PART III SOURCES
15. Theodor Meron (1987), ‘The Geneva Conventions as Customary
Law’, American Journal of International Law, 81 (2), April,
348–70
16. Jean-Marie Henckaerts (2005), ‘Study on Customary International
Humanitarian Law: A Contribution to the Understanding and Respect
for the Rule of Law in Armed Conflict’, International Review of the
Red Cross, 87 (857), March, 175–212
17. Jean-Marie Henckaerts (2007), ‘Customary International
Humanitarian Law: A Response to US Comments’, International Review
of the Red Cross, 89 (866), June, 473–488
18. Antonio Cassese (2000), ‘The Martens Clause: Half a Loaf or
Simply Pie in the Sky?’, European Journal of International Law, 11
(1), 187–216
19. Theodor Meron (2000), ‘The Martens Clause, Principles of
Humanity, and Dictates of Public Conscience’, American Journal of
International Law, 94 (1), January, 78–89
20. Robert Cryer (2006), ‘Of Custom, Treaties, Scholars and the
Gavel: The Influence of the International Criminal Tribunals on the
ICRC Customary Law Study’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 11
(2), Summer, 239–63
Volume IV
Introduction An introduction by the editors appears in Volume I
PART I SELECTED SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES
1. Major Richard R. Baxter (1951), ‘So-Called “Unprivileged
Belligerency”: Spies, Guerrillas, and Saboteurs’, British Year Book
of International Law, 28, 323–45
2. Nils Melzer (2008), ‘Interpretative Guidance on the Notion of
Direct Participation in Hostilities under International
Humanitarian Law’, International Review of the Red Cross, 90 (872),
December, 991–1047
3. Nils Melzer (2010), ‘Keeping the Balance between Military
Necessity and Humanity: A Response to Four Critiques of the ICRC's
Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in
Hostilities’, New York University Journal of International Law and
Politics, 42 (3), Spring, 831–916
4. Marco Roscini (2005), ‘Targeting and Contemporary Aerial
Bombardment’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 54 (2),
April, 411–43
5. Adam Roberts (1984), ’What is a Military Occupation?’, British
Year Book of International Law, 55 (1), 249–305
6. David J. Scheffer (2003), ‘Beyond Occupation Law’, American
Journal of International Law, 97 (4), October, 842–60
7. Christopher Greenwood (1998), ‘The Law of Weaponry at the Start
of the New Millennium’, in Michael N. Schmitt and Leslie C. Green
(eds), International Law Studies: Volume 71 – The Law of Armed
Conflict: Into the Next Millennium, Chapter 7, Newport, RI, USA:
Naval War College, 185–231
8. Louise Doswald-Beck (1995), ‘The San Remo Manual on
International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea’, American
Journal of International Law, 89 (1), January, 192–208
PART II PRACTICAL APPLICATION
9. Michael Bothe (2001), ‘The Protection of the Civilian Population
and NATO Bombing on Yugoslavia: Comments on a Report to the
Prosecutor of the ICTY’, European Journal of International Law, 12
(3), 531–35
10. Robert Cryer (2002), ‘The Fine Art of Friendship: Jus in Bello
in Afghanistan’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 7 (1),
April, 37–83
11. Diane Marie Amann (2004), ‘Guantánamo’, Columbia Journal of
Transnational Law, 42 (2), 263–348
12. Lindsey Cameron (2006), ‘Private Military Companies: Their
Status under International Humanitarian Law and its Impact on their
Regulation’, International Review of the Red Cross, 88 (863),
September, 573–98
PART III IMPLEMENTATION
13. Peter Rowe (2008), ‘Military Misconduct during International
Armed Operations: "Bad Apples" or Systemic Failure?’, Journal of
Conflict and Security Law, 13 (2), Summer, 165–89
14. Steven R. Ratner (2011), ‘Law Promotion beyond Law Talk: The
Red Cross, Persuasion, and the Laws of War’, European Journal of
International Law, 22 (2), 459–506
15. Frits Kalshoven (1999), ‘The Undertaking to Respect and Ensure
Respect in All Circumstances: From Tiny Seed to Ripening Fruit’,
Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 2, December, 3–61
16. Rogier Bartels (2013), ‘Discrepancies between International
Humanitarian Law on the Battlefield and in the Courtroom: The
Challenges of Applying International Humanitarian Law during
International Criminal Trials’, in Mariëlle Matthee, Brigit Toebes
and Marcel Brus (eds), Armed Conflict and International Law: In
Search of the Human Face – Liber Amicorum in Memory of Avril
McDonald, Chapter 14, The Hague, the Netherlands: T.M.C Asser
Press, 339–78
17. Christopher Greenwood (1996), ‘International Humanitarian Law
and the Tadic Case’, European Journal of International Law, 7 (2),
265–83
18. Frits Kalshoven (2003), ‘Reprisals and the Protection of
Civilians: Two Recent Decisions of the Yugoslavia Tribunal’ in Lal
Chand Vohrah, Fausto Pocar, Yvonne Featherstone, Olivier Fourmy,
Christine Graham, John Hocking and Nicholas Robson (eds), Man’s
Inhumanity to Man: Essays on International Law in Honour of Antonio
Cassese, Chapter 23, The Hague, the Netherlands: Kluwer Law
International, 481–509
Index
Edited by the late Robert Cryer, formerly Professor of International and Criminal Law, University of Birmingham, UK and Christian Henderson, Professor of International Law, University of Sussex, UK
‘Cryer and Henderson have assembled a superb collection of articles
on the use of force and the law of armed conflict, one that
intelligently and comprehensively explores all sides of the
numerous controversies that characterise both areas of
international law. Given the deluge of writing they had to choose
from, that is a remarkable feat. Any international lawyer will want
a copy of this collection in their university library and on their
bookshelf.’
*Kevin Jon Heller, Australian National University, Australia and
University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands*
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