Table of Contents

Introduction to Data Imbalance in Machine Learning

Oversampling Methods

Undersampling Methods

Ensemble Methods

Cost-Sensitive Learning

Data Imbalance in Deep Learning

Data-Level Deep Learning Methods

Algorithm-Level Deep Learning Techniques

Hybrid Deep Learning Methods

Model Calibration

Appendix

About the Author

Kumar Abhishek is a seasoned Senior Machine Learning Engineer at Expedia Group, US, specializing in risk analysis and fraud detection for Expedia brands. With over a decade of experience at companies such as Microsoft, Amazon, and a Bay Area startup, Kumar holds an MS in Computer Science from the University of Florida. Dr. Mounir Abdelaziz is a deep learning researcher specializing in computer vision applications. He holds a Ph.D. in computer science and technology from Central South University, China. During his Ph.D. journey, he developed innovative algorithms to address practical computer vision challenges. He has also authored numerous research articles in the field of few-shot learning for image classification.