Table of Contents

Introduction
Mark Grimshaw
I. The Foundations of Virtuality
1. The Virtuality and Reality of Avatar Cyberspace
Bruce Damer and Randy Hinrichs
2. The Physical and Social Reality of Virtual Worlds
Philip Brey
3. Envisioning the Virtual
Brian Massumi
4. Being More Than Yourself: Virtuality and Human Spirit
André Nusselder
5. Mythologies of Virtuality: "Other Space" and "Shared Dimension" from Ancient Myths to Cyberspace
Maria Beatrice Bittarello
6. The Paradox of Virtuality
Michael R. Heim
II. Psychology and Perception
7. Avatar Psychology
James K. Scarborough and Jeremy N. Bailenson
8. Not Quite Human: What Virtual Characters Have Taught Us about Person Perception
Elizabeth J. Carter and Frank E. Pollick
9. Emotions and Altered States of Awareness: The Virtuality of Reality and the Reality of Virtuality
Jean-Claude Martin
10. Applying Psychological Plausibility to the Uncanny Valley Phenomenon
Angela Tinwell
11. The Psychology of Addiction to Virtual Environments: The Allure of the Virtual Self
Deborah Abdel Nabi and John P. Charlton
12. Being Present in a Virtual World
Giuseppe Riva and John A. Waterworth
13. Immersion in Virtual Worlds
Gordon Calleja
III. Culture and Society
14. Communication in Virtual Worlds
Paul C. Adams
15. So Good, They Named It Twice? A Lacanian Perspective on Virtual Reality from Literature and the Other Arts
David Rudd
16. History and Cultural Heritage in Virtual Environments
Erik Champion
17. Flirting, Cheating, Dating, and Mating in a Virtual World
Julie M. Albright and Eddie Simmens
18. Cybersex
Ståle Stenslie
19. A Virtual Assembly: Constructing Religion out of Zeros and Ones
Robert M. Geraci
20. Acoustemologies of the Closet
William Cheng
IV. Sound
21. Breaking the Fourth Wall? User-Generated Sonic Content in Virtual Worlds
Karen Collins
22. Sonic Virtuality: Understanding Audio in a Virtual World
Tom A. Garner and Mark Grimshaw
23. Virtual Worlds: An Ethnomusicological Perspective
Trevor S. Harvey
24. The Music That's Not There
Martin Knakkergaard
V. Image
25. Through the Looking Glass: Philosophical Reflections on the Art of Virtual Worlds
Gary Zabel
26. Recreating Visual Reality in Virtuality
Anthony Steed
27. The Translation of Art in Virtual Worlds
Patrick Lichty
28. Painting, the Virtual, and the Celluloid Frame
Simon J. Harris
VI. Economy and Law
29. Virtual Law
Greg Lastowka
30. Virtuality in the Sphere of Economics
Vili Lehdonvirta
VII. A-Life and Artificial Intelligence
31. On the Role of "Digital Actors" in Entertainment-Based Virtual Worlds
Phil Carlisle
32. Evolution in Virtual Worlds
Tim Taylor
33. Virtual Ecologies and Environments
David G. Green and Tom Chandler
34. Computational Modeling of Brain Function and the Human Haptic System at the Neural Spike Level: Learning the Dynamics of a Simulated Body
Gabriel Robles-De-La-Torre
VIII. Technology and Applications
35. Distributed Embodiment: Real Presence in Virtual Bodies
John A. Waterworth and Eva L. Waterworth
36. Level of Realism: Feel, Smell, and Taste in Virtual Environments
Alan Chalmers
37. Developing Handheld Augmented Reality Interfaces
Mark Billinghurst, Huidong Bai, Gun Lee, and Robert Lindeman
38. Avoidable Pitfalls in Virtual--World Learning Design
Keysha I. Gamor
39. Medical Clinical Uses of Virtual Worlds
Giuseppe Riva
40. Military Simulations Using Virtual Worlds
Roger Smith
IX. Utopia and Dystopia
41. Ethics at the Boundaries of the Virtual
Charles M. Ess
42. The Social Imaginary of Virtual Worlds
Patrice Flichy
43. Virtuality and Humanity
David Kreps
44. Virtual Dystopia
Andrea Hunter and Vincent Mosco
An Afterword in Four Binarisms
Tom Boellstorff
Index

About the Author

Mark Grimshaw is The Obel Professor of Music at Aalborg University, Denmark. He writes extensively on sound in computer games with a particular interest in emotioneering and the use of biofeedback for the real-time synthesis of game sound. He also writes free, open source software for virtual research environments (WIKINDX) and is investigating the uses of sonification to facilitate creativity in the context of such knowledge tools.