Preface xv

About the authors xvi

Chapter 1: An introduction to the human body 1

Chapter 2: The chemical level of organisation 35

Chapter 3: The cellular level of organisation 82

Chapter 4: The tissue level of organisation 144

Chapter 5: The integumentary system 187

Chapter 6: The skeletal system: bone tissue 225

Chapter 7: The skeletal system: the axial skeleton 258

Chapter 8: The skeletal system: the appendicular skeleton 305

Chapter 9: Joints 336

Chapter 10: Muscular tissue 380

Chapter 11: The muscular system 427

Chapter 12: Nervous tissue 513

Chapter 13: The spinal cord and spinal nerves 567

Chapter 14: The brain and cranial nerves 607

Chapter 15: The autonomic nervous system 670

Chapter 16: Sensory, motor, and integrative systems 701

Chapter 17: The special senses 741

Chapter 18: The endocrine system 798

Chapter 19: The cardiovascular system: the blood 858

Chapter 20: The cardiovascular system: the heart 896

Chapter 21: The cardiovascular system: blood vessels and haemodynamics 948

Chapter 22: The lymphatic system and immunity 1033

Chapter 23: The respiratory system 1090

Chapter 24: The digestive system 1148

Chapter 25: Metabolism and nutrition 1220

Chapter 26: The urinary system 1272

Chapter 27: Fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base homeostasis 1326

Chapter 28: The reproductive systems 1351

Chapter 29: Development and inheritance 1409

Appendix A: Measurements 1461

Appendix B: Periodic table 1463

Appendix C: Normal values for selected blood tests 1464

Appendix D: Normal values for selected urine tests 1467

Appendix E: Pronunciation key 1469

Index 1470