Table of Contents

List of Contributors vii

Preface xi

Part I: The Polar Cap and Auroral Ionosphere 1

1 Magnetospheric Energy Input to the Ionosphere 3
Cheryl Huang

2 High Latitude Ionospheric Convection 21
Stephen E. Milan and Adrian Grocott

3 Multiscale Dynamics in the High-Latitude Ionosphere 49
Yukitoshi Nishimura, Yue Deng, Larry R. Lyons, Ryan M. McGranaghan, and Matthew D. Zettergren

4 Recent Advances in Polar Cap Density Structure Research 67
Shasha Zou, Gareth W. Perry, and John C. Foster

5 Polar Cap O+ Ion Outflow and Its Impact on Magnetospheric Dynamics 83
Binzheng Zhang and Oliver J. Brambles

Part II: The Subauroral and Midlatitude Ionosphere 115

6 Ionospheric Storm-Enhanced Density Plumes 117
John C. Foster, Shasha Zou, Roderick A. Heelis, and Philip J. Erickson

7 Ion Outflow and Lobe Density: Interhemispheric Asymmetries 127
Stein Haaland, Bjørn Lybekk, Lukas Maes, Karl Magnus Laundal, Arne Pedersen, Paul Tenfjord, Anders Ohma, Nikolai Østgaard, Jone Reistad, and Kristian Snekvik

8 Mesoscale and Small-Scale Structure of the Subauroral Geospace 139
Evgeny Mishin and Anatoly Streltsov

Part III: The Low-Latitude Ionosphere 159

9 Equatorial Ionospheric Electrodynamics 161
Bela G. Fejer and Astrid Maute

10 Theory and Modeling of Equatorial Spread F 185
Joe D. Huba

11 Observations of Equatorial Spread F: A Working Hypothesis 201
Roland T. Tsunoda

12 The Equatorial Electrojet 281
Hermann Lühr, Patrick Alken, and Yun-Liang Zhou

13 Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Variations During Geomagnetic Storms 301
Xiaoli Luan

Part IV: Global Ionospheric Processes 313

14 Penetration of the Magnetospheric Electric Fields to the Low Latitude Ionosphere 315
Takashi Kikuchi

15 Ionosphere and Thermosphere Coupling at Mid- and Subauroral Latitudes 339
Shun-Rong Zhang

16 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System: A Review of Recent Progress 369
Larisa P. Goncharenko, V. Lynn Harvey, Huixin Liu, and Nicholas M. Pedatella

17 Ionospheric Dynamics and Their Strong Longitudinal Dependences 401
Endawoke Yizengaw

18 Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances 421
Yuichi Otsuka

Part V: Ionospheric Impacts on Applications 439

19 Ionospheric Effects on HF Radio Wave Propagation 441
Manuel A. Cervera, Trevor J. Harris, David A. Holdsworth, and David J. Netherway

20 Ionospheric Scintillation Effects on Satellite Navigation 493
Seebany Datta-Barua, Eric Altshuler, Todd Walter, and Sam Pullen

21 Ionospheric Disturbances Related to Earthquakes 511
Kosuke Heki

22 Atmospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by Tsunamis 527
Michael P. Hickey

Index 543

About the Author

Chaosong Huang, Air Force Research Laboratory, USA

Gang Lu, National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA